My baby, although still in the womb, is the smartest baby ever. My evidence? Although my wife is now at term, our baby has apparently decided to stay right where he/she is and avoid the stress of the outside world a while a longer. Genius.
But, seriously, if we're talking about infants, is being "smart" really that big a deal? And if it is that big a deal, does it mean more to the child or the parent? I once noted to an acquaintance that her baby was holding her head up on her own about a month ahead of the developmental average. The acquaintance, a woman with an Ivy League law degree, took it as a complement - to her, not her kid - even though I'd meant it only in a "hey, cool" sort of way.
And while we're at it, how exactly do you measure intelligence in a baby? What constitutes "smart" for a person who thinks feet are for sucking, not for walking?
There are so many hypotheses about the nature of human intelligence it's hard to know where to begin the conversation. There's no universally accepted definition of intelligence, never mind an accepted way to measure, gauge, or assess it. The result is a slumgullion of arguments guaranteed to keep academics squabbling and parents fretting for generations to come.
Here's what we do know in very, perhaps overly, simplified terms: from an undefined moment in utero until the moment it shuts down for good, the brain constantly gathers information. The flow of information causes neurons to connect, interconnect, and multiply (up to a point). Those connections guide behavior and perception, which in turn affect the processing of incoming information, which influences how neurons connect and interconnect, which further guides behavior and perception, and so on.
Just because the information is going in, however, doesn't necessarily mean that it's being processed in any meaningful way. And even if it is processed meaningfully, articulating that meaning may still be impossible.
I could spend the next hour trying to teach a one-year-old how to do algebra. I guarantee that the information is going into his brain through multiple pathways: the eyes, the ears, even the hands if I give him a calculator. But if I then stick an equation in front of him and say, "solve for X," he'll most likely chew on the end of his pencil and then wet himself.
So how do we measure an infant's intelligence?
"Intelligence," if you'll let me provide my own definition, is a measure of the brain's output in response to external and internal stimuli. In other words, intelligence is how the brain responds to certain triggers. And it has its evolutionary advantages. If you're in the woods and a bear starts charging toward you and your brain says, "RUN!!!", you're more likely to pass your genes on to the next generation than if your brain says, "ooo, look, a pretty rock!" In theory, therefore, all you have to do to measure intelligence is measure the brain's responses to selected stimuli. And this is where it gets messy.
Intelligence testing has a long and controversial history going back decades. About 100 years ago, two guys, Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon, drew up the first modern intelligence test while studying mental retardation among French schoolchildren. In 1916, Stanford University psychologist Lewis Terman made some modifications, which led to the test being dubbed the "Stanford-Binet" test. An updated version is still in use today.
The Stanford-Binet has been widely criticized for its generalizability (how well it applies equally to all people) and reliability (how accurately it measures what it claims to measure). Two kids can get identical scores and proceed to go in opposite directions in terms of academic performance. Despite this, it remains the gold standard for intelligence tests. If you've ever taken an IQ test, it was probably a version of the Stanford-Binet.
Another common and highly popular intelligence measure was devised by Havard education professor Howard Gardner. His seminal book,
Frames of Mind, lays out what Gardner calls the 8 "multiple intelligences" or MI. Rather than restricting intelligence to a narrowly-defined intellectual exercise, Gardner argues that intelligence is expressed through numerous facets: athletics, music, spatial reasoning, mathematical ability, interpersonal skills, etc. in ways unique to each individual.
Naturally, Gardner, too, has his critics. Opponents have argued that MI is too relativistic to offer any meaningful measure of intelligence and that it could allow teachers an excuse to play to a student's strengths while glossing over his weaknesses, emphasizing music, say, over math. Despite criticisms, however, MI has taken hold in many schools that have adapted Gardner's theory to the practical matter of devising a curriculum. If your children attend school in the United States, I'll take even odds that MI plays at least some part in the curricular structure.
Many other intelligence measures have cropped up over the years, each with its strengths and weaknesses, none of them the Holy Grail, end-all-be-all test that provides once and for all an irrefutable, definitive measure of a particular person's intelligence.
Naturally, that doesn't stop test-makers and theorists from trying. It remains a lucrative business. There's gold in them thar' brains, just waiting for the right test to unearth it.
Parents of young children, of course, tend to be as concerned about what goes into the brain as what it spits back out. The success of the
Baby Einstein line of products - which is what inspired this post in the first place - tells me that some parents will go to any lengths to have a "smart" child. And what better way to stack the odds in favor of having a "smart" child than to have a "smart" baby?
And if that's all there is to it, fine. Buy your kids the toys, show them the videos. It can't hurt. Heck, it might even help. If a child knows left from right, how to tie her shoes, and how to read consonant-vowel-consonant words (like "cat" and "dog") by the time she's 4, great. It'll thrill her kindergarten teacher.
I suspect, though, that in many social circles, parents measure their self-worth by way of their children's accomplishments, even if that accomplishment is as mundane as little Johnny holding his head up a month ahead of schedule. And if that's how parents are using Baby Einstein and his copycat spawn, they're missing the point.
It's not about you. It's about your kid.
Yes, we all want our children to be smart. I'll be the first to tell you that I hope my child is intelligent, both in terms of intellectual capacity and the good sense to put that intellect to constructive use. (By the way, Junior, if you're reading this post and it's many years old, close the browser and go finish your homework. Then get back to me.)
Intellect tends to lead to success. The most successful people - by almost any measure - tend to be highly intelligent. George Washington, Enrico Fermi, Mohandas Gandhi, and Michael Jordan are or were very smart. Whatever else you may think of your own local politicians, they, too, are highly intelligent people. I say that because deviousness is, after all, an expression of intelligence.
All of which brings us back to the intelligence of the infant. I could in fact actually have the world's smartest baby, capable of feats that are the stuff Nobel laureates' dreams. Unfortunately, brilliant or not, my baby will be physiologically incapable of expressing that intelligence for quite a while. This means that my baby - and yours - won't be the subject of parental bragging rights anytime soon. Someday, perhaps. But not for a while.
Like I said, I hope my kid is smart. As someone who likes to set high expectations, I'm tempted to say, "my kid will be smart." And maybe my child will be. Heck, maybe my infant will be.
But how will I ever know?